New research finds that the bacteria that causes a common vaginal infection can also have a major presence in men and can be sexually transmitted.

“We looked at the urethral microbiome of healthy adult men and found that many of them actually had bacteria that is associated with bacterial vaginosis in women,” says David Nelson, professor of microbiology and immunology at the Indiana University School of Medicine and co-corresponding author of the study.

“These bacteria can be transmitted through heterosexual, vaginal sex, something that has never been shown in research before.”

Bacterial vaginosis is a common condition in women, but until now, researchers have not confirmed it can be transmitted via sex. Many scientists previously thought urine is sterile, Nelson says.

But the new study, published in Cell Reports Medicine, proves that is not the case. The team looked at 110 distal urethral swab specimens from men with no urogenital symptoms, no sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and no inflammation of the urethra.

“What we found was stunning,” Nelson says. “These men had two types of colonized bacteria—one that was native to the penile urethra, and one that was from an outside source. This is the first time it has been shown that the human microbiome is primarily shaped by behavior.”

The researchers found only the men who reported having vaginal sex carried the bacteria often associated with bacterial vaginosis. They also discovered the bacteria was detectable for at least two months after having vaginal sex.

The discovery could lead to sweeping changes in how men and women are treated for certain STIs, including bacterial vaginosis, by doing more contact tracing to treat sexual partners better, Nelson says.

“Our research provides the first healthy baseline for clinicians and scientists to compare with diseased urogenital states,” says lead author Evelyn Toh, assistant research professor of microbiology and immunology.

“Having established this baseline, we may be able to offer new insights into bacteria’s role in urogenital diseases. There is still stigma in talking about sex, and hence STIs are often overlooked. However, STIs really impact women and minorities disproportionately, as well as socioeconomically disadvantaged people.”

While this study shows women can transmit bacterial vaginosis to men, they’re now studying whether men could transmit it to women as well.

Additional coauthors are from the University of Alabama, Birmingham; Loyola University Chicago; and Indiana University.

Source: Indiana University

The post Vaginal infection bacteria can be sexually transmitted to men appeared first on Futurity.

Married couples who manage their finances together may love each other longer, according to a new study.

Prior research suggests a correlation that couples who merge finances tend to be happier than those who do not. But this is the first research to show a causal relationship—that married couples who have joint bank accounts not only have better relationships, but they fight less over money and feel better about how household finances are handled.

“When we surveyed people of varying relationship lengths, those who had merged accounts reported higher levels of communality within their marriage compared to people with separate accounts, or even those who partially merged their finances,” says Jenny Olson, assistant professor of marketing at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. “They frequently told us they felt more like they were ‘in this together.’

“This is the best evidence that we have to date for a question that shapes couples’ futures; and the fact that we observe these meaningful shifts over two years, I think it’s a pretty powerful testament to the benefits of merging. On average, merging should warrant a conversation with your partner, given the effects that we’re seeing here.”

Olson and her coauthors recruited 230 couples, who were either engaged or newly married at the time, and followed them over two years as they began their married lives together. Everyone began the study with separate accounts and consented to potentially changing their financial arrangements. This was the first marriage for everyone involved in the study.

The researchers then randomly assigned some couples to keep their separate bank accounts, and told others to open a joint bank account instead. A third group was allowed to make the decision on their own.

Couples who were told to open joint bank accounts reported substantially higher relationship quality two years later than those who maintained separate accounts, Olson says, adding that merging promotes greater financial goal alignment and transparency, and a communal understanding of marriage.

“A communal relationship is one where partners respond to each other’s needs because there’s a need. ‘I want to help you because you need it. I’m not keeping track,'” she says. “There’s a ‘we’ perspective, which we theorized would be related to a joint bank account.”

Couples with separate accounts viewed financial decision-making as more of an exchange, Olson says.

“It’s ‘I help you because you’re going to help me later,'” she says. “They’re prepaying for later favors, and that’s tit-for-tat, which we see a bit more with separate accounts. It’s ‘I’ve got the Netflix bill and you pay the doctor.’… They’re not working together like those with joint accounts—who have the same pool of money—and that’s more common in business-type relationships.”

With separate accounts, those in a marriage potentially may think it is easier to leave the relationship, Olson says. Twenty percent of participating couples did not finish the study, including a significant percentage of those who separated after not merging bank accounts. They found no gender differences in the results.

The mean age of participants was 28 years old. Three quarters were white, and 12% were Black. Thirty-six percent had a bachelor’s degree and a median household income of $50,000. Couples had known each other, on average, about five years and had been romantically involved for an average of three years. Ten percent had children.

The findings appear in the Journal of Consumer Research.

Additional study authors are from the University of Michigan, Yale University, and Northwestern University.

Source: Indiana University

The post Do joint finances make marriages happier? appeared first on Futurity.

Saturn’s rings are much younger than scientists once thought—and they’re not here to stay, according to new research.

For decades, there has been debate about the origin of Saturn’s icy rings. But according to two new studies, published in the journal Icarus, (study 1, study 2) the rings are no more than a few hundred million years old—much younger than the planet itself, which formed 4.5 billion years ago.

In fact, the rings may well have formed when dinosaurs were still walking on the Earth, says Richard Durisen, professor emeritus of astronomy at Indiana University.

Durisen and coauthor Paul Estrada, a research scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley, also conclude that the rings will last only another few hundred million years at most.

“Our inescapable conclusion is that Saturn’s rings must be relatively young by astronomical standards, just a few hundred million years old,” Durisen says. “If you look at Saturn’s satellite system, there are other hints that something dramatic happened there in the last few hundred million years.”

Durisen and Estrada have long argued that Saturn’s rings are relatively young, because they expected the rings to be eroded and darkened by the influx of interplanetary meteoroids. However, it wasn’t until data was available from NASA’s 13-year-long Cassini spacecraft mission—particularly its 2017 Grand Finale, consisting of 22 orbits passing between Saturn and its rings—that they were able to use theoretical models to determine the age and longevity of the rings with confidence by computing how the rings change over long periods of time.

Particularly important for their work were Cassini’s measurements of the meteoroid influx rate, the mass of the rings, and the inflow rate of ring material onto Saturn.

The impact of meteoroids not only pollutes the rings, it ultimately leads to ring material drifting inward toward the planet. The theoretical models Durisen and Estrada presented demonstrate that the rings should be losing mass onto the planet at the prodigious rate of many tons per second that Cassini observed, which means that the remaining lifetime of the rings is only another few hundred million years or so.

For the first time, Estrada and Durisen’s detailed computations combine viscous spreading—due to ring particle interactions—with meteoroid effects in simulations designed to span the full lifetime of a ring system like Saturn’s. They demonstrate that meteoroid impacts are what ultimately impose a short lifetime compared with the age of the solar system, given the meteoroid influx rate measured by Cassini.

“We have shown that massive rings like Saturn’s do not last long,” Estrada says. “One can speculate that the relatively puny rings around the other ice and gas giants in our solar system are left-over remnants of rings that were once massive like Saturn’s. Maybe some time in the not-so-distant future, astronomically speaking, after Saturn’s rings are ground down, they will look more like the sparse rings of Uranus.”

Durisen’s decades-long research career centered mostly on the evolution and stability of rotating astrophysical systems of all types, from planets to galaxies. During the two decades before his retirement in 2010, he worked primarily on protoplanetary disks—the rotating disks of gas surrounding new stars from which planets can form. But his interest in Saturn’s rings began as a postdoctoral fellow at NASA Ames in the 1970s, and he has continued to study them ever since.

“In studying the universe, we often think about origins—origins of galaxies, stars, and planets,” Durisen says. “But planets are incredibly active and diverse systems where new things happen all the time. If Saturn’s rings are not as old as the planet, that means something happened in order to form their incredible structure, and that is very exciting to study.”

Durisen is interested to see what future space missions discover about Saturn’s system. Though the planet, composed mostly of helium and hydrogen, probably cannot support life, the conditions on some of its moons may have supported it in the past or even now, he says.

“If we can discover what happened in that system a few hundred million years ago to form the rings, we may just end up discovering why Saturn’s moon Enceladus is spewing out from its deep ocean plumes of water, ice, and even organic material,” Durisen says. “We may perhaps even end up finding the building blocks of life itself on Enceladus.”

Source: Indiana University

The post Saturn’s rings won’t last forever appeared first on Futurity.

Watching the clock while trying to fall asleep exacerbates insomnia and the use of sleep aids, new research shows.

A small change, however, could help you sleep better, the researchers report.

Insomnia affects between 4 and 22% of adults and is associated with long-term health problems including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression.

The new study in Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders focuses on a sample of nearly 5,000 patients presenting for care at a sleep clinic.

Participants completed questionnaires about the severity of their insomnia, their use of sleep medication, and the time they spent monitoring their own behavior while trying to fall asleep. They were also asked to report any psychiatric diagnoses. The researchers conducted mediation analyses to determine how the factors influenced each other.

“We found time monitoring behavior mainly has an effect on sleep medication use because it exacerbates insomnia symptoms,” says Spencer Dawson, clinical assistant professor and associate director of clinical training in the psychological and brain sciences department at Indiana University.

“People are concerned that they’re not getting enough sleep, then they start estimating how long it will take them to fall back asleep and when they have to be up. That is not the sort of activity that’s helpful in facilitating the ability to fall asleep—the more stressed out you are, the harder time you’re going to have falling asleep.”

As the frustration over sleeplessness grows, people are more likely to use sleep aids in an attempt to gain control over their sleep.

The research indicates a simple behavioral intervention could provide help for those struggling with insomnia, Dawson says. He gives the same advice to every new patient the first time they meet.

“One thing that people could do would be to turn around or cover up their clock, ditch the smart watch, get the phone away so they’re simply not checking the time,” Dawson says. “There’s not any place where watching the clock is particularly helpful.”

Additional coauthors are from the Mercer University School of Medicine, the University of Arizona, and Brown University.

Source: Indiana University

The post Clock watching makes insomnia even worse appeared first on Futurity.

Trans and gender nonconforming patients respond positively to physicians and health care providers who wear a pin signaling their own pronouns but don’t verbally provide or request them, a study suggests.

Those patients reported they would be more apt to consider coming back to the provider and would feel a greater sense of satisfaction after their visit.

These findings could help overcome barriers found in prior research, which indicates fewer trans and gender-nonconforming individuals head to the doctor for regular screenings, and others delay care when needed—sometimes out of fear of receiving unfavorable treatment or discrimination.

“It’s been shown across research literature that even small barriers translate into people not seeking care,” says Helen Colby, study coauthor and assistant professor of marketing at Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business in Indianapolis. “If a patient doesn’t have a good experience with a physician, they are far less likely to seek out care again soon. This can lead to lack of regular treatment and monitoring, which has been found to contribute to health disparities in the LGBTQ+ community.”

According to research by the Center for American Progress, 23% of trans participants said they had delayed or skipped preventive medical screenings in the past year out of fear of receiving unfavorable treatment or discrimination. Another 17% said they skipped out entirely. Roughly 30% of the LGBTQ+ community does not have a regular healthcare provider or seek care less frequently.

Colby and her coauthors used online surveys to examine what steps allow for the best experience for all in the health care setting. The study, published in Medical Decision Making, found patients are more likely to have a positive response to health care providers when small interventions are used to signal a commitment to gender inclusivity on the part of the provider.

The authors performed three studies asking more than 950 respondents about their satisfaction with and willingness to return after a health care encounter. They used two methods of provider inclusivity signaling: (1) verbal sharing of the provider’s pronouns and requesting the patient’s pronouns and (2) the provider wearing a pin indicating their pronouns.

These studies were hypothetical scenario studies completed online with satisfaction results asking the responded to rate the likelihood of making an appointment with the provider, satisfaction with the visit and the doctor, and likelihood of returning to the provider in the future. Each study included questions of political orientation, age, gender, education, and household income.

The three studies showed that providing and verbally requesting pronouns, which has been suggested by previous literature as a method of promoting gender identity inclusivity, has a different effect on satisfaction and willingness to visit the health care provider depending on political orientation and can result in problematic backlash, including aggressive responses among some groups. This has significant ramifications for how to promote gender identity inclusivity in health care settings, as a general recommendation to provide and request gender pronouns is likely to alienate more traditional patients and possibly cause them to stop seeking medical care altogether.

“My colleagues and I discovered a more neutral way to signal inclusivity that is relatively simple for those providers who want to show their support,” says coauthor Tony Stovall, clinical associate professor of marketing. “As people become more comfortable with these questions being asked in a health care setting, we can begin to break down barriers to understanding why inclusion allows patients to feel seen and heard, which, in turn, allows for more transparency between doctor and patient.”

The results of the study provide some direction. When the provider was shown wearing a pin indicating their pronouns but did not verbally provide them or request the participants’ pronouns, non-cisgender participants reported greater satisfaction and willingness to return. This benefit was achieved without the backlash found when pronouns were requested explicitly.

“More subtle signaling, like the pins, could be a good way forward for providers who want to signal inclusivity but aren’t sure how to do it. It’s simple, cheap, and feasible, and it doesn’t seem to inspire the kind of backlash other methods may cause. As such, you get the good by including certain groups without the unwanted outcomes of excluding others or causing patient aggression that may negatively impact staff,” Colby says.

In the third study examining only the effect of the doctor wearing a pronoun pin, non-cisgender participants rated the health care encounter and were asked: Why are you likely or unlikely to see this provider again? Of the 92 participants who saw a doctor wearing a pronoun pin, eight explicitly mentioned the pin in their answers, indicating a direct impact of the pin on satisfaction and willingness to return. For example, one participant noted, “[The doctor] seems to be a sensitive person who cares about his patients’ welfare, as judged by his pronoun badge.” Another shared, “The cute pin on his coat was nice. It would probably make me more open and honest about what is wrong. I have a tendency to lie to doctors.”

Source: Indiana University

The post Pronoun pins would let doctors signal gender inclusivity appeared first on Futurity.

For the best deals on vintage items, a study suggests finding a way to connect with the seller.

“While a good gains value through association with an individual owner, it also gains value through its connection with a collective past,” says Kate Christensen, assistant professor of marketing at the Indiana University Kelley School of Business. “But connecting to the people who came before changes the value of objects. Sellers value the good more, but they will accept less from a person who also values that good because they want the link to the people who came before them—the heritage connection.”

Christensen is the lead author of a paper on the findings in the Journal of Marketing Research. Her coauthor is Suzanne Shu of Cornell University’s SC Johnson College of Business.

“It’s long been known in behavioral economics that owners will often over-value an item,” Shu says. “Yet, we were observing almost an opposite pattern: Owners were willing to take a below-market sales price if the buyer was somehow connected to the object’s past.

“Even more surprising was that they’re offering a lower sales price to people who they think are likely to value the item the most. From an economic perspective, it’s an interesting demonstration of how people are willing to trade between money and emotional connections. From a marketplace perspective, it gives us insight into the selling and donating of the heirlooms retirees may be trying to get rid of.”

They conducted their study with Cornell alumni at a reunion weekend, with sellers in Facebook Marketplace and with CloudResearch-approved participants on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform.

Past research has found that owners who are highly attached to sentimental items demonstrate heightened sensitivity to the future use of their goods. This research suggests that sellers find it easier to part with an item when selling to buyers who share a connection to the item’s past.

Christensen and Shu’s research is applicable to markets that involve resale, such as the $43 trillion United States housing market and the $450 billion collectibles market.

“To get a discount on an older house, real estate agents might encourage their clients to use homebuyer ‘love letters’ that emphasize their experience living in a house from the same time period and their goal of staying connected to the past while enjoying the house,” Christensen says.

But the research could have significance beyond the hunt for a good bargain.

“While we analyze buying and selling of consumer goods in this paper, our work has implications for sustainability,” Christensen says. “While individuals sell goods, governments sell land, oil, water, and mining rights. This research suggests that emphasizing a natural resource’s connection to generations past and the people who came before may make citizens value the land more and may make them more concerned about who gets the rights to the resource.

“We hope that understanding the link between the past and the present will pave a way to understanding how to preserve and protect our future.”

Nearly everyone has a possession that connects them to the past. For Christensen, that item was her grandmother’s teacups. Her research confirmed her own feelings that there is a distinction between selling to a collector and to someone who wants to maintain the same connection to those who came before them.

“Novelist William Faulkner famously wrote, ‘The past is never dead. It’s not even past,'” she says. “This is true in the marketplace, where the past has been mostly ignored. We found that a heritage connection—a seller’s link to the people who came before them—affects the decisions consumers make in a marketplace.”

Source: Indiana University

The post To get a deal on vintage items, use this trick appeared first on Futurity.

Researchers have diagnosed a Sumatran orangutan with a rare genetic disease.

It’s the first time the disease has been confirmed molecularly in a primate other than a human.

The six-year-old orangutan, named Mila, was born at the Indianapolis Zoo in 2016. Mila had a history of dark urine that turned brown upon standing since birth, but has never shown other symptoms. Researchers from the Indiana University School of Medicine medical and molecular genetics department collected and analyzed DNA, diagnosing Mila with the disease, called alkaptonuria.

The study is published in Molecular Genetics and Metabolism.

“This was an unexpected finding that ended years of questions about this animal,” says Marcus Miller, assistant professor of clinical medical and molecular genetics and principal investigator of the study. “We’re proud of this collaborative effort with the zoo that will hopefully lead to better care and treatment of Mila moving forward.”

Alkaptonuria is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder, a genetic disease caused by deficiency of an enzyme called homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. As an infant, the only symptom is urine that turns black upon standing. Symptoms typically progress slowly, but can lead to chronic joint pain and decreased mobility later in life.

There have been several reports of the disease in non-human primates, but never any long-term studies, so it is unclear how the disease will affect Mila over time. However, having this diagnosis means that veterinarians don’t have to worry about other potential issues.

“I think the best part about these results is we can de-escalate some of the other studies that might have been recommended,” says Theodore Wilson, assistant professor of clinical medical and molecular genetics.

“We don’t need to use anesthesia for imaging, obtain a kidney biopsy or have guests or veterinarians worried. Even though her urine does still turn dark after being out in the environment, fortunately, now it doesn’t need to be a problem that is alarming.”

“People with this disease typically don’t develop symptoms until much later in life, usually in their 30s or 40s,” says Melissa Fayette, associate veterinarian for the Indianapolis Zoo. “We will continue to monitor Mila closely and perform regular preventive health exams to detect any secondary pathologies that may arise.”

Source: Indiana University

The post Team diagnoses Mila the orangutan with rare genetic disease appeared first on Futurity.

Police officers on patrol spend more time in predominantly Black and Hispanic neighborhoods, according to a new study.

Researchers used anonymized smartphone data from nearly 10,000 police officers in 21 large US cities for the study.

“Research on policing has focused on documented actions such as stops and arrests—less is known about patrols and presence,” says Kate Christensen, assistant professor of marketing at the Indiana University Kelley School of Business.

“Police have discretion in deciding where law enforcement is provided within America’s cities,” she says. “Where police officers are located matters, because it affects where crimes are deterred and what the public knows about crimes as they happen. Police presence can influence when and where crime is officially recorded.”

Christensen and colleagues are the first to use anonymized smartphone location data to identify and study the movements of police officers while on patrol in America’s cities.

Few police departments collect detailed officer location data, and even fewer release it publicly. This analysis of smartphone GPS data allowed researchers to study where officers chose to spend their time, including when they were patrolling outside their cars.

GPS data revealed a strong correlation between racial and ethnic composition of a neighborhood and police presence.

“Our findings suggest that disparities in exposure to police are associated with both structural socioeconomic disparities and discretionary decision making by police commanders and officers,” the researchers write.

On average, the research indicated that police spent:

• 6% more time in areas of a city where the fraction of Black residents was 10% higher.
• 2% more time in places with 10% higher share of Hispanic residents.
• 7% more time in places with 10% as many Asian residents.

Variation in socioeconomic status, social disorganization, and violent crime can explain:

• 35% of the additional officer time spent in Black neighborhoods.
• 33% of additional time spent in Hispanic neighborhoods.
• All additional officer time spent in Asian neighborhoods.

When they combined police presence data with geocoded arrest data available for six cities—New York City; Los Angeles; Chicago; Dallas; Austin; and Washington, DC—Christensen and colleagues found that higher arrest rates of Black residents were connected to more officer time spent in Black neighborhoods.

“This neighborhood-level disparity persists after controlling for density, socioeconomic, and crime-driven demand for policing, and may be lower in cities with more Black police supervisors—but not officers,” Christensen says. “Patterns of police presence statistically explain 57% of the higher arrest rate in more Black neighborhoods.”

The researchers used data provided by Safegraph, which recorded “pings” indicating where smartphones are at a certain time. That information was linked to police station location data published by the Department of Homeland Security and geofence data provided by Microsoft. To identify patrol officers, the sample included phones used at 316 police stations in 21 cities between February and November 2017.

The study appears in the Review of Economics and Statistics. Additional coauthors are from the University of California, Irvine; the University of California, Los Angeles; and American University.

Source: Indiana University

The post Police on patrol spend more time in Black, Hispanic neighborhoods appeared first on Futurity.

Researchers are unlocking the biology behind aggressive breast cancers in Black women.

Their findings could lead to new targeted treatments to lessen the disparities in breast cancer among Black women.

“It’s commonly known that although breast cancer incidence is low among Black women, outcomes are poor. They develop breast cancer at a younger age and have a higher incidence of the more aggressive triple negative breast cancers,” says Harikrishna Nakshatri, professor of breast cancer research at Indiana University School of Medicine and a researcher with the Vera Bradley Foundation Center for Breast Cancer Research at the Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center.

“Even after you correct for socioeconomic and health care access factors, still African ancestry is associated with the worst outcomes.”

For that reason, the Nakshatri lab has been focused on understanding how genetic ancestry influences the biology of normal breast tissue and how it factors into the development of aggressive breast cancers.

Nakshatri’s research previously found that normal breast tissue in women of African ancestry contains a cell type called PZP at a much higher number when compared to normal breast tissue of Caucasian women. PZP cells increase when Caucasian women develop breast cancer, while they are naturally higher in Black women.

Now, Nakshatri and colleagues have discovered that PZP cells can influence how cancer cells behave and grow as they interact with another cell type—epithelial cells—where breast cancer generally originates.

Additionally, they have found that PZP cells are one of the cells of origin for rare and aggressive metaplastic breast cancers (MBC), which account for less than 1% of all breast cancers.

“We found when these PZP cells are in association with the epithelial cells, the PZP cells start making a protein called interleukin-6 (IL-6). The epithelial cells start behaving differently, and a signal called STAT3 gets activated,” Nakshatri says. “That’s how it will make tumors developing from the epithelial cells more aggressive.”

These discoveries form the basis of a new clinical trial. The study, which will be led by Kathy Miller, professor of oncology at the School of Medicine and associate director of clinical research at the cancer center as well as a researcher with the Vera Bradley Foundation Center. is slated to open later this year.

“This work is based on the biology of the normal breast, which is rarely used in deciding the treatment,” Nakshatri says. “We think this study could help us determine if physicians need to consider genetic ancestry of the person when deciding on possible treatments for breast cancer.”

The study appears in Nature Communications. Researchers used tissue samples from the Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Comprehensive Cancer, the world’s only healthy breast tissue bank.

Source: Indiana University

The post Team identifies biology of aggressive breast cancer in Black women appeared first on Futurity.

Shooting survivors may not seek the mental health services they need after experiencing gun violence due to stigma, fear, and a lack of trusted resources, new research finds.

For the study, published in JAMA Network Open, the researchers interviewed survivors of gun violence in the Indianapolis area, all of whom were between the ages of 13 and 34 at the time they were shot. The study did not include survivors of shootings that also involved fatalities.

Despite describing symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress and anxiety disorders, half of participants believed they were adequately coping without formal services. Thirty-nine percent said they did not seek professional help due to a fear of potential repercussions from peers for providing information to police or health providers; 56% said they did not seek mental health assistance because they did not trust providers.

Most survivors said that if they were to seek professional help, it was important the provider understood their lives and communities.

The researchers also found that survivors preferred receiving support from their existing networks instead of professionals. In fact, 83% of the survivors surveyed said they relied on their families and friends for physical and mental healing, whether serving as primary support or through connecting them to mental health care.

Responses from survivors also showcase the broad impact that nonfatal shootings have on their families—emotionally and in day-to-day life—highlighting a need for broader recovery support.

The results are critical for those seeking to help develop appropriate support systems for survivors of gun violence and their families, the researchers say.

The key takeaways include the need for trusted resources within communities for survivors and families and the importance of a credible provider who understands their life experiences.

Source: Indiana University

The post Why some shooting survivors don’t seek mental health help appeared first on Futurity.